一、简介
- v8 是一种 JS 引擎的实现,它由Google开发,使用C++编写。v8 被设计用于提高网页浏览器内部 JavaScript 代码执行的性能。为了提高性能,v8 将会把 JS 代码转换为更高效的机器码,而非传统的使用解释器执行。因此 v8 引入了 JIT (Just-In-Time) 机制,该机制将会在运行时动态编译 JS 代码为机器码,以提高运行速度。
- TurboFan是 v8 的优化编译器之一,它使用了 sea of nodes 这个编译器概念。
sea of nodes 不是单纯的指某个图的结点,它是一种特殊中间表示的图。
它的表示形式与一般的CFG/DFG不同,其具体内容请查阅上面的连接。
TurboFan的相关源码位于
v8/compiler
文件夹下。 - 这是笔者初次学习v8 turboFan所写下的笔记,内容包括但不限于turboFan运行参数的使用、部分
OptimizationPhases
的工作机理,以及拿来练手的GoogleCTF 2018(Final) Just-In-Time
题题解。该笔记基于 Introduction to TurboFan 并适当拓宽了一部分内容。如果在阅读文章时发现错误或者存在不足之处,欢迎各位师傅斧正!
二、环境搭建
- 这里的环境搭建较为简单,首先搭配一个 v8 环境(必须,没有 v8 环境要怎么研究 v8, 2333)。这里使用的版本号是7.0.276.3。
如何搭配v8环境?请移步 下拉&编译 chromium&v8 代码
这里需要补充一下,v8 的 gn args中必须加一个
v8_untrusted_code_mitigations = false
的标志,即最后使用的gn args如下:# Set build arguments here. See `gn help buildargs`. is_debug = true target_cpu = "x64" v8_enable_backtrace = true v8_enable_slow_dchecks = true v8_optimized_debug = false # 加上这个 v8_untrusted_code_mitigations = false
具体原因将在下面讲解
CheckBounds
结点优化时提到。 - 然后安装一下 v8 的turbolizer,turbolizer将用于调试 v8 TurboFan中
sea of nodes
图的工具。cd v8/tools/turbolizer # 获取依赖项 npm i # 构建 npm run-script build # 直接在turbolizer文件夹下启动静态http服务 python -m SimpleHTTPServer
构建turbolizer时可能会报一些TypeScript的语法错误ERROR,这些ERROR无伤大雅,不影响turbolizer的功能使用。
- turbolizer 的使用方式如下:
- 首先编写一段测试函数
// 目标优化函数 function opt_me(b) { let values = [42,1337]; let x = 10; if (b == "foo") x = 5; let y = x + 2; y = y + 1000; y = y * 2; y = y & 10; y = y / 3; y = y & 1; return values[y]; } // 必须!在优化该函数前必须先进行一次编译,以便于为该函数提供type feedback opt_me(); // 必须! 使用v8 natives-syntax来强制优化该函数 %OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall(opt_me); // 必须! 不调用目标函数则无法执行优化 opt_me();
一定要在执行
%OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall(opt_me)
之前调用一次目标函数,否则生成的graph将会因为没有type feedback而导致完全不一样的结果。需要注意的是type feedback有点玄学,在执行
OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall
前,如果目标函数内部存在一些边界操作(例如多次使用超过Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
大小的整数等),那么调用目标函数的方式可能会影响turboFan的功能,包括但不限于传入参数的不同、调用目标函数次数的不同等等等等。因此在执行
%OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall
前,目标函数的调用方式,必须自己把握,手动确认调用几次,传入什么参数会优化出特定的效果。若想优化一个函数,除了可以使用
%OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall
以外,还可以多次执行该函数(次数要大,建议上for循环)来触发优化。 - 然后使用 d8 执行,不过需要加上
--trace-turbo
参数。$ ../../v8/v8/out.gn/x64.debug/d8 test.js --allow-natives-syntax --trace-turbo Concurrent recompilation has been disabled for tracing. --------------------------------------------------- Begin compiling method opt_me using Turbofan --------------------------------------------------- Finished compiling method opt_me using Turbofan
之后本地就会生成
turbo.cfg
和turbo-xxx-xx.json
文件。 - 使用浏览器打开
127.0.0.1:8000
(注意之前在turbolizer文件夹下启动了http服务)然后点击右上角的3号按钮,在文件选择窗口中选择刚刚生成的turbo-xxx-xx.json
文件,之后就会显示以下信息:
不过这里的结点只显示了控制结点,如果需要显示全部结点,则先点击一下上方的2号按钮,将结点全部展开,之后再点击1号按钮,重新排列:
- 首先编写一段测试函数
三、turboFan的代码优化
- 我们可以使用
--trace-opt
参数来追踪函数的优化信息。以下是函数opt_me
被turboFan优化时所生成的信息。$ ../../v8/v8/out.gn/x64.debug/d8 test.js --allow-natives-syntax --trace-opt [manually marking 0x0a7a24823759 <JSFunction opt_me (sfi = 0xa7a24823591)> for non-concurrent optimization] [compiling method 0x0a7a24823759 <JSFunction opt_me (sfi = 0xa7a24823591)> using TurboFan] [optimizing 0x0a7a24823759 <JSFunction opt_me (sfi = 0xa7a24823591)> - took 53.965, 19.410, 0.667 ms]
上面输出中的
manually marking
即我们在代码中手动设置的%OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall
。我们可以使用 v8 本地语法来查看优化前和优化后的机器码(使用
%DisassembleFunction
本地语法)输出信息过长,这里只截取一部分输出。
$ ../../v8/v8/out.gn/x64.debug/d8 test.js --allow-natives-syntax 0x2b59fe964c1: [Code] - map: 0x05116bd02ae9 <Map> kind = BUILTIN name = InterpreterEntryTrampoline compiler = unknown address = 0x2b59fe964c1 Instructions (size = 995) 0x2b59fe96500 0 488b5f27 REX.W movq rbx,[rdi+0x27] 0x2b59fe96504 4 488b5b07 REX.W movq rbx,[rbx+0x7] 0x2b59fe96508 8 488b4b0f REX.W movq rcx,[rbx+0xf] .... 0x2b59ff49541: [Code] - map: 0x05116bd02ae9 <Map> kind = OPTIMIZED_FUNCTION stack_slots = 5 compiler = turbofan address = 0x2b59ff49541 Instructions (size = 212) 0x2b59ff49580 0 488d1df9ffffff REX.W leaq rbx,[rip+0xfffffff9] 0x2b59ff49587 7 483bd9 REX.W cmpq rbx,rcx 0x2b59ff4958a a 7418 jz 0x2b59ff495a4 <+0x24> 0x2b59ff4958c c 48ba000000003e000000 REX.W movq rdx,0x3e00000000 ...
可以看到,所生成的代码长度从原先的995,优化为212,大幅度优化了代码。
需要注意的是,即便不使用
%OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall
,将opt_me
函数重复执行一定次数,一样可以触发TurboFan的优化。 - 细心的小伙伴应该可以在上面环境搭建的图中看到
deoptimize
反优化。为什么需要反优化?这就涉及到turboFan的优化机制。以下面这个js代码为例(注意:没有使用%OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall
)class Player{} class Wall{} function move(obj) { var tmp = obj.x + 42; var x = Math.random(); x += 1; return tmp + x; } for (var i = 0; i < 0x10000; ++i) { move(new Player()); } move(new Wall()); for (var i = 0; i < 0x10000; ++i) { move(new Wall()); }
跟踪一下该代码的opt以及deopt:
$ ../../v8/v8/out.gn/x64.debug/d8 test.js --allow-natives-syntax --trace-opt --trace-deopt [marking 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)> for optimized recompilation, reason: small function, ICs with typeinfo: 7/7 (100%), generic ICs: 0/7 (0%)] [compiling method 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)> using TurboFan] [optimizing 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)> - took 6.583, 2.385, 0.129 ms] [completed optimizing 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)>] # 分割线--------------------------------------------------------------------- [marking 0x3c72eab238e9 <JSFunction (sfi = 0x3c72eab234e9)> for optimized recompilation, reason: hot and stable, ICs with typeinfo: 7/13 (53%), generic ICs: 0/13 (0%)] [compiling method 0x3c72eab238e9 <JSFunction (sfi = 0x3c72eab234e9)> using TurboFan OSR] [optimizing 0x3c72eab238e9 <JSFunction (sfi = 0x3c72eab234e9)> - took 3.684, 7.337, 0.409 ms] # 分割线--------------------------------------------------------------------- [deoptimizing (DEOPT soft): begin 0x3c72eab238e9 <JSFunction (sfi = 0x3c72eab234e9)> (opt #1) @6, FP to SP delta: 104, caller sp: 0x7ffed15d2a08] ;;; deoptimize at <test.js:15:6>, Insufficient type feedback for construct ... [deoptimizing (soft): end 0x3c72eab238e9 <JSFunction (sfi = 0x3c72eab234e9)> @6 => node=154, pc=0x7f0d956522e0, caller sp=0x7ffed15d2a08, took 0.496 ms] [deoptimizing (DEOPT eager): begin 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)> (opt #0) @1, FP to SP delta: 24, caller sp: 0x7ffed15d2990] ;;; deoptimize at <test.js:5:17>, wrong map ... [deoptimizing (eager): end 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)> @1 => node=0, pc=0x7f0d956522e0, caller sp=0x7ffed15d2990, took 0.355 ms] # 分割线--------------------------------------------------------------------- [marking 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)> for optimized recompilation, reason: small function, ICs with typeinfo: 7/7 (100%), generic ICs: 0/7 (0%)] [compiling method 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)> using TurboFan] [optimizing 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)> - took 1.435, 2.427, 0.159 ms] [completed optimizing 0x3c72eab23a99 <JSFunction move (sfi = 0x3c72eab235f9)>] [compiling method 0x3c72eab238e9 <JSFunction (sfi = 0x3c72eab234e9)> using TurboFan OSR] [optimizing 0x3c72eab238e9 <JSFunction (sfi = 0x3c72eab234e9)> - took 3.399, 6.299, 0.239 ms]
- 首先,
move
函数被标记为可优化的(optimized recompilation),原因是该函数为small function。然后便开始重新编译以及优化。 - 之后,
move
函数再一次被标记为可优化的,原因是hot and stable
。这是因为 v8 首先生成的是 ignition bytecode。 如果某个函数被重复执行多次,那么TurboFan就会重新生成一些优化后的代码。
以下是获取优化理由的的v8代码。如果该JS函数可被优化,则将在外部的v8函数中,mark该JS函数为待优化的。
OptimizationReason RuntimeProfiler::ShouldOptimize(JSFunction* function, JavaScriptFrame* frame) { SharedFunctionInfo* shared = function->shared(); int ticks = function->feedback_vector()->profiler_ticks(); if (shared->GetBytecodeArray()->length() > kMaxBytecodeSizeForOpt) { return OptimizationReason::kDoNotOptimize; } int ticks_for_optimization = kProfilerTicksBeforeOptimization + (shared->GetBytecodeArray()->length() / kBytecodeSizeAllowancePerTick); // 如果执行次数较多,则标记为HotAndStable if (ticks >= ticks_for_optimization) { return OptimizationReason::kHotAndStable; // 如果函数较小,则为 small function } else if (!any_ic_changed_ && shared->GetBytecodeArray()->length() < kMaxBytecodeSizeForEarlyOpt) { // If no IC was patched since the last tick and this function is very // small, optimistically optimize it now. return OptimizationReason::kSmallFunction; } else if (FLAG_trace_opt_verbose) { PrintF("[not yet optimizing "); function->PrintName(); PrintF(", not enough ticks: %d/%d and ", ticks, kProfilerTicksBeforeOptimization); if (any_ic_changed_) { PrintF("ICs changed]\n"); } else { PrintF(" too large for small function optimization: %d/%d]\n", shared->GetBytecodeArray()->length(), kMaxBytecodeSizeForEarlyOpt); } } return OptimizationReason::kDoNotOptimize; }
- 但接下来就开始deopt move函数了,原因是
Insufficient type feedback for construct
,目标代码是move(new Wall())
中的new Wall()
。这是因为turboFan的代码优化基于推测,即speculative optimizations
。当我们多次执行move(new Player())
时,turboFan会猜测move函数的参数总是Player
对象,因此将move函数优化为更适合Player
对象执行的代码,这样使得Player
对象使用move函数时速度将会很快。这种猜想机制需要一种反馈来动态修改猜想,那么这种反馈就是 type feedback,Ignition instructions将利用 type feedback来帮助TurboFan的speculative optimizations
。v8源码中,
JSFunction
类中存在一个类型为FeedbackVector
的成员变量,该FeedbackVector将在JS函数被编译后启用。因此一旦传入的参数不再是
Player
类型,即刚刚所说的Wall
类型,那么将会使得猜想不成立,因此立即反优化,即销毁一部分的ignition bytecode并重新生成。需要注意的是,反优化机制(deoptimization)有着巨大的性能成本,应尽量避免反优化的产生。
- 下一个
deopt
的原因为wrong map
。这里的map可以暂时理解为类型。与上一条deopt的原因类似,所生成的move
优化函数只是针对于Player
对象,因此一旦传入一个Wall
对象,那么传入的类型就与函数中的类型不匹配,所以只能开始反优化。 - 如果我们在代码中来回使用
Player
对象和Wall
对象,那么TurboFan也会综合考虑,并相应的再次优化代码。
- 首先,
四、turboFan的执行流程
- turboFan的代码优化有多条执行流,其中最常见到的是下面这条:
- 从
Runtime_CompileOptimized_Concurrent
函数开始,设置并行编译&优化 特定的JS函数// v8\src\runtime\runtime-compiler.cc 46 RUNTIME_FUNCTION(Runtime_CompileOptimized_Concurrent) { HandleScope scope(isolate); DCHECK_EQ(1, args.length()); CONVERT_ARG_HANDLE_CHECKED(JSFunction, function, 0); StackLimitCheck check(isolate); if (check.JsHasOverflowed(kStackSpaceRequiredForCompilation * KB)) { return isolate->StackOverflow(); } // 设置并行模式,之后开始编译与优化 if (!Compiler::CompileOptimized(function, ConcurrencyMode::kConcurrent)) { return ReadOnlyRoots(isolate).exception(); } DCHECK(function->is_compiled()); return function->code(); }
- 在
Compiler::CompileOptimized
函数中,继续执行GetOptimizedCode
函数,并将可能生成的优化代码传递给JSFunction
对象。// v8\src\compiler.cc bool Compiler::CompileOptimized(Handle<JSFunction> function, ConcurrencyMode mode) { if (function->IsOptimized()) return true; Isolate* isolate = function->GetIsolate(); DCHECK(AllowCompilation::IsAllowed(isolate)); // Start a compilation. Handle<Code> code; if (!GetOptimizedCode(function, mode).ToHandle(&code)) { // Optimization failed, get unoptimized code. Unoptimized code must exist // already if we are optimizing. DCHECK(!isolate->has_pending_exception()); DCHECK(function->shared()->is_compiled()); DCHECK(function->shared()->IsInterpreted()); code = BUILTIN_CODE(isolate, InterpreterEntryTrampoline); } // Install code on closure. function->set_code(*code); // Check postconditions on success. DCHECK(!isolate->has_pending_exception()); DCHECK(function->shared()->is_compiled()); DCHECK(function->is_compiled()); DCHECK_IMPLIES(function->HasOptimizationMarker(), function->IsInOptimizationQueue()); DCHECK_IMPLIES(function->HasOptimizationMarker(), function->ChecksOptimizationMarker()); DCHECK_IMPLIES(function->IsInOptimizationQueue(), mode == ConcurrencyMode::kConcurrent); return true; }
-
GetOptimizedCode
的函数代码如下:// v8\src\compiler.cc MaybeHandle<Code> GetOptimizedCode(Handle<JSFunction> function, ConcurrencyMode mode, BailoutId osr_offset = BailoutId::None(), JavaScriptFrame* osr_frame = nullptr) { Isolate* isolate = function->GetIsolate(); Handle<SharedFunctionInfo> shared(function->shared(), isolate); // Make sure we clear the optimization marker on the function so that we // don't try to re-optimize. if (function->HasOptimizationMarker()) { function->ClearOptimizationMarker(); } if (isolate->debug()->needs_check_on_function_call()) { // Do not optimize when debugger needs to hook into every call. return MaybeHandle<Code>(); } Handle<Code> cached_code; if (GetCodeFromOptimizedCodeCache(function, osr_offset) .ToHandle(&cached_code)) { if (FLAG_trace_opt) { PrintF("[found optimized code for "); function->ShortPrint(); if (!osr_offset.IsNone()) { PrintF(" at OSR AST id %d", osr_offset.ToInt()); } PrintF("]\n"); } return cached_code; } // Reset profiler ticks, function is no longer considered hot. DCHECK(shared->is_compiled()); function->feedback_vector()->set_profiler_ticks(0); VMState<COMPILER> state(isolate); DCHECK(!isolate->has_pending_exception()); PostponeInterruptsScope postpone(isolate); bool has_script = shared->script()->IsScript(); // BUG(5946): This DCHECK is necessary to make certain that we won't // tolerate the lack of a script without bytecode. DCHECK_IMPLIES(!has_script, shared->HasBytecodeArray()); std::unique_ptr<OptimizedCompilationJob> job( compiler::Pipeline::NewCompilationJob(isolate, function, has_script)); OptimizedCompilationInfo* compilation_info = job->compilation_info(); compilation_info->SetOptimizingForOsr(osr_offset, osr_frame); // Do not use TurboFan if we need to be able to set break points. if (compilation_info->shared_info()->HasBreakInfo()) { compilation_info->AbortOptimization(BailoutReason::kFunctionBeingDebugged); return MaybeHandle<Code>(); } // Do not use TurboFan when %NeverOptimizeFunction was applied. if (shared->optimization_disabled() && shared->disable_optimization_reason() == BailoutReason::kOptimizationDisabledForTest) { compilation_info->AbortOptimization( BailoutReason::kOptimizationDisabledForTest); return MaybeHandle<Code>(); } // Do not use TurboFan if optimization is disabled or function doesn't pass // turbo_filter. if (!FLAG_opt || !shared->PassesFilter(FLAG_turbo_filter)) { compilation_info->AbortOptimization(BailoutReason::kOptimizationDisabled); return MaybeHandle<Code>(); } TimerEventScope<TimerEventOptimizeCode> optimize_code_timer(isolate); RuntimeCallTimerScope runtimeTimer(isolate, RuntimeCallCounterId::kOptimizeCode); TRACE_EVENT0(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("v8.compile"), "V8.OptimizeCode"); // In case of concurrent recompilation, all handles below this point will be // allocated in a deferred handle scope that is detached and handed off to // the background thread when we return. base::Optional<CompilationHandleScope> compilation; if (mode == ConcurrencyMode::kConcurrent) { compilation.emplace(isolate, compilation_info); } // All handles below will be canonicalized. CanonicalHandleScope canonical(isolate); // Reopen handles in the new CompilationHandleScope. compilation_info->ReopenHandlesInNewHandleScope(isolate); if (mode == ConcurrencyMode::kConcurrent) { if (GetOptimizedCodeLater(job.get(), isolate)) { job.release(); // The background recompile job owns this now. // Set the optimization marker and return a code object which checks it. function->SetOptimizationMarker(OptimizationMarker::kInOptimizationQueue); DCHECK(function->IsInterpreted() || (!function->is_compiled() && function->shared()->IsInterpreted())); DCHECK(function->shared()->HasBytecodeArray()); return BUILTIN_CODE(isolate, InterpreterEntryTrampoline); } } else { if (GetOptimizedCodeNow(job.get(), isolate)) return compilation_info->code(); } if (isolate->has_pending_exception()) isolate->clear_pending_exception(); return MaybeHandle<Code>(); }
函数代码有点长,这里总结一下所做的操作:
- 如果之前该函数被mark为待优化的,则取消该mark(回想一下
--trace-opt
的输出) - 如果debugger需要hook该函数,或者在该函数上下了断点,则不优化该函数,直接返回。
- 如果之前已经优化过该函数(存在OptimizedCodeCache),则直接返回之前优化后的代码。
- 重置当前函数的
profiler ticks
,使得该函数不再hot,这样做的目的是使当前函数不被重复优化。 - 如果设置了一些禁止优化的参数(例如
%NeverOptimizeFunction
,或者设置了turbo_filter
),则取消当前函数的优化。 - 以上步骤完成后则开始优化代码,优化代码也有两种不同的方式,分别是并行优化和非并行优化。在大多数情况下执行的都是并行优化,因为速度更快。并行优化会先执行
GetOptimizedCodeLater
函数,在该函数中判断一些异常条件,例如任务队列已满或者内存占用过高。如果没有异常条件,则执行OptimizedCompilationJob::PrepareJob
函数,并继续在更深层次的调用PipelineImpl::CreateGraph
来建图。如果GetOptimizedCodeLater
函数工作正常,则将会把优化任务Job
放入任务队列中。任务队列将安排另一个线程执行优化操作。另一个线程的栈帧如下,该线程将执行Job->ExecuteJob
并在更深层次调用PipelineImpl::OptimizeGraph
来优化之前建立的图结构:当另一个线程在优化代码时,主线程可以继续执行其他任务:
- 如果之前该函数被mark为待优化的,则取消该mark(回想一下
- 综上我们可以得知,JIT最终的优化位于
PipelineImpl
类中,包括建图以及优化图等// v8\src\compiler\pipeline.cc class PipelineImpl final { public: explicit PipelineImpl(PipelineData* data) : data_(data) {} // Helpers for executing pipeline phases. template <typename Phase> void Run(); template <typename Phase, typename Arg0> void Run(Arg0 arg_0); template <typename Phase, typename Arg0, typename Arg1> void Run(Arg0 arg_0, Arg1 arg_1); // Step A. Run the graph creation and initial optimization passes. bool CreateGraph(); // B. Run the concurrent optimization passes. bool OptimizeGraph(Linkage* linkage); // Substep B.1. Produce a scheduled graph. void ComputeScheduledGraph(); // Substep B.2. Select instructions from a scheduled graph. bool SelectInstructions(Linkage* linkage); // Step C. Run the code assembly pass. void AssembleCode(Linkage* linkage); // Step D. Run the code finalization pass. MaybeHandle<Code> FinalizeCode(); // Step E. Install any code dependencies. bool CommitDependencies(Handle<Code> code); void VerifyGeneratedCodeIsIdempotent(); void RunPrintAndVerify(const char* phase, bool untyped = false); MaybeHandle<Code> GenerateCode(CallDescriptor* call_descriptor); void AllocateRegisters(const RegisterConfiguration* config, CallDescriptor* call_descriptor, bool run_verifier); OptimizedCompilationInfo* info() const; Isolate* isolate() const; CodeGenerator* code_generator() const; private: PipelineData* const data_; };
五、初探optimization phases
1. 简介
与LLVM IR的各种Pass类似,turboFan中使用各类phases进行建图、搜集信息以及简化图。
以下是PipelineImpl::CreateGraph
函数源码,其中使用了大量的Phase
。这些Phase
有些用于建图,有些用于优化(在建图时也会执行一部分简单的优化),还有些为接下来的优化做准备:
bool PipelineImpl::CreateGraph() {
PipelineData* data = this->data_;
data->BeginPhaseKind("graph creation");
if (info()->trace_turbo_json_enabled() ||
info()->trace_turbo_graph_enabled()) {
CodeTracer::Scope tracing_scope(data->GetCodeTracer());
OFStream os(tracing_scope.file());
os << "---------------------------------------------------\n"
<< "Begin compiling method " << info()->GetDebugName().get()
<< " using Turbofan" << std::endl;
}
if (info()->trace_turbo_json_enabled()) {
TurboCfgFile tcf(isolate());
tcf << AsC1VCompilation(info());
}
data->source_positions()->AddDecorator();
if (data->info()->trace_turbo_json_enabled()) {
data->node_origins()->AddDecorator();
}
Run<GraphBuilderPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(GraphBuilderPhase::phase_name(), true);
// Perform function context specialization and inlining (if enabled).
Run<InliningPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(InliningPhase::phase_name(), true);
// Remove dead->live edges from the graph.
Run<EarlyGraphTrimmingPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(EarlyGraphTrimmingPhase::phase_name(), true);
// Run the type-sensitive lowerings and optimizations on the graph.
{
// Determine the Typer operation flags.
Typer::Flags flags = Typer::kNoFlags;
if (is_sloppy(info()->shared_info()->language_mode()) &&
info()->shared_info()->IsUserJavaScript()) {
// Sloppy mode functions always have an Object for this.
flags |= Typer::kThisIsReceiver;
}
if (IsClassConstructor(info()->shared_info()->kind())) {
// Class constructors cannot be [[Call]]ed.
flags |= Typer::kNewTargetIsReceiver;
}
// Type the graph and keep the Typer running on newly created nodes within
// this scope; the Typer is automatically unlinked from the Graph once we
// leave this scope below.
Typer typer(isolate(), data->js_heap_broker(), flags, data->graph());
Run<TyperPhase>(&typer);
RunPrintAndVerify(TyperPhase::phase_name());
// Do some hacky things to prepare for the optimization phase.
// (caching handles, etc.).
Run<ConcurrentOptimizationPrepPhase>();
if (FLAG_concurrent_compiler_frontend) {
data->js_heap_broker()->SerializeStandardObjects();
Run<CopyMetadataForConcurrentCompilePhase>();
}
// Lower JSOperators where we can determine types.
Run<TypedLoweringPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(TypedLoweringPhase::phase_name());
}
data->EndPhaseKind();
return true;
}
PipelineImpl::OptimizeGraph
函数代码如下,该函数将会对所建立的图进行优化:
bool PipelineImpl::OptimizeGraph(Linkage* linkage) {
PipelineData* data = this->data_;
data->BeginPhaseKind("lowering");
if (data->info()->is_loop_peeling_enabled()) {
Run<LoopPeelingPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(LoopPeelingPhase::phase_name(), true);
} else {
Run<LoopExitEliminationPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(LoopExitEliminationPhase::phase_name(), true);
}
if (FLAG_turbo_load_elimination) {
Run<LoadEliminationPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(LoadEliminationPhase::phase_name());
}
if (FLAG_turbo_escape) {
Run<EscapeAnalysisPhase>();
if (data->compilation_failed()) {
info()->AbortOptimization(
BailoutReason::kCyclicObjectStateDetectedInEscapeAnalysis);
data->EndPhaseKind();
return false;
}
RunPrintAndVerify(EscapeAnalysisPhase::phase_name());
}
// Perform simplified lowering. This has to run w/o the Typer decorator,
// because we cannot compute meaningful types anyways, and the computed types
// might even conflict with the representation/truncation logic.
Run<SimplifiedLoweringPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(SimplifiedLoweringPhase::phase_name(), true);
// From now on it is invalid to look at types on the nodes, because the types
// on the nodes might not make sense after representation selection due to the
// way we handle truncations; if we'd want to look at types afterwards we'd
// essentially need to re-type (large portions of) the graph.
// In order to catch bugs related to type access after this point, we now
// remove the types from the nodes (currently only in Debug builds).
#ifdef DEBUG
Run<UntyperPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(UntyperPhase::phase_name(), true);
#endif
// Run generic lowering pass.
Run<GenericLoweringPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(GenericLoweringPhase::phase_name(), true);
data->BeginPhaseKind("block building");
// Run early optimization pass.
Run<EarlyOptimizationPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(EarlyOptimizationPhase::phase_name(), true);
Run<EffectControlLinearizationPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(EffectControlLinearizationPhase::phase_name(), true);
if (FLAG_turbo_store_elimination) {
Run<StoreStoreEliminationPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(StoreStoreEliminationPhase::phase_name(), true);
}
// Optimize control flow.
if (FLAG_turbo_cf_optimization) {
Run<ControlFlowOptimizationPhase>();
RunPrintAndVerify(ControlFlowOptimizationPhase::phase_name(), true);
}
// Optimize memory access and allocation operations.
Run<MemoryOptimizationPhase>();
// TODO(jarin, rossberg): Remove UNTYPED once machine typing works.
RunPrintAndVerify(MemoryOptimizationPhase::phase_name(), true);
// Lower changes that have been inserted before.
Run<LateOptimizationPhase>();
// TODO(jarin, rossberg): Remove UNTYPED once machine typing works.
RunPrintAndVerify(LateOptimizationPhase::phase_name(), true);
data->source_positions()->RemoveDecorator();
if (data->info()->trace_turbo_json_enabled()) {
data->node_origins()->RemoveDecorator();
}
ComputeScheduledGraph();
return SelectInstructions(linkage);
}
由于上面两个函数涉及到的Phase
众多,这里请各位自行阅读源码来了解各个Phase的具体功能。
接下来我们只介绍几个比较重要的Phases
:GraphBuilderPhase
、TyperPhase
和SimplifiedLoweringPhase
。
2. GraphBuilderPhase
-
GraphBuilderPhase
将遍历字节码,并建一个初始的图,这个图将用于接下来Phase的处理,包括但不限于各种代码优化。 - 一个简单的例子
3. TyperPhase
-
TyperPhase
将会遍历整个图的所有结点,并给每个结点设置一个Type
属性,该操作将在建图完成后被执行给每个结点设置Type的操作是不是极其类似于编译原理中的语义分析呢? XD
bool PipelineImpl::CreateGraph() { // ... Run<GraphBuilderPhase>(); RunPrintAndVerify(GraphBuilderPhase::phase_name(), true); // ... // Run the type-sensitive lowerings and optimizations on the graph. { // ... // Type the graph and keep the Typer running on newly created nodes within // this scope; the Typer is automatically unlinked from the Graph once we // leave this scope below. Typer typer(isolate(), data->js_heap_broker(), flags, data->graph()); Run<TyperPhase>(&typer); RunPrintAndVerify(TyperPhase::phase_name()); // ... } // ... }
其中,具体执行的是
TyperPhase::Run
函数:struct TyperPhase { static const char* phase_name() { return "typer"; } void Run(PipelineData* data, Zone* temp_zone, Typer* typer) { // ... typer->Run(roots, &induction_vars); } };
在该函数中继续调用
Typer::Run
函数,并在GraphReducer::ReduceGraph
函数中最终调用到Typer::Visitor::Reduce
函数:void Typer::Run(const NodeVector& roots, LoopVariableOptimizer* induction_vars) { // ... Visitor visitor(this, induction_vars); GraphReducer graph_reducer(zone(), graph()); graph_reducer.AddReducer(&visitor); for (Node* const root : roots) graph_reducer.ReduceNode(root); graph_reducer.ReduceGraph(); // ... }
在
Typer::Visitor::Reduce
函数中存在一个较大的switch结构,通过该switch结构,当Visitor遍历每个node时,即可最终调用到对应的XXXTyper
函数。例如,对于一个JSCall结点,将在TyperPhase中最终调用到
Typer::Visitor::JSCallTyper
- 这里我们简单看一下
JSCallTyper
函数源码,该函数中存在一个很大的switch结构,该结构将设置每个Builtin
函数结点的Type
属性,即函数的返回值类型。Type Typer::Visitor::JSCallTyper(Type fun, Typer* t) { if (!fun.IsHeapConstant() || !fun.AsHeapConstant()->Ref().IsJSFunction()) { return Type::NonInternal(); } JSFunctionRef function = fun.AsHeapConstant()->Ref().AsJSFunction(); if (!function.shared().HasBuiltinFunctionId()) { return Type::NonInternal(); } switch (function.shared().builtin_function_id()) { case BuiltinFunctionId::kMathRandom: return Type::PlainNumber(); // ...
- 而对于一个常数
NumberConstant
类型,TyperPhase
也会打上一个对应的类型Type Typer::Visitor::TypeNumberConstant(Node* node) // 注意这里使用的是double,这也就说明了为什么Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER = 9007199254740991 double number = OpParameter<double>(node->op()); return Type::NewConstant(number, zone()); }
而在
Type::NewConstant
函数中,我们会发现一个神奇的设计:Type Type::NewConstant(double value, Zone* zone) { // 对于一个正常的整数 if (RangeType::IsInteger(value)) { // 实际上所设置的Type是一个range! return Range(value, value, zone); // 否则如果是一个异常的-0,则返回对应的MinusZero } else if (IsMinusZero(value)) { return Type::MinusZero(); // 如果是NAN,则返回NaN } else if (std::isnan(value)) { return Type::NaN(); } DCHECK(OtherNumberConstantType::IsOtherNumberConstant(value)); return OtherNumberConstant(value, zone); }
对于JS代码中的一个NumberConstant,实际上设置的Type是一个Range,只不过这个Range的首尾范围均是该数,例如
NumberConstant(3) => Range(3, 3, zone)
- 以下这张图可以证明
TyperPhase
正如预期那样执行: - 与之相应的,v8采用了SSA。因此对于一个Phi结点,它将设置该节点的Type为几个可能值的Range的并集。
Type Typer::Visitor::TypePhi(Node* node) { int arity = node->op()->ValueInputCount(); Type type = Operand(node, 0); for (int i = 1; i < arity; ++i) { type = Type::Union(type, Operand(node, i), zone()); } return type; }
请看以下示例:
4. SimplifiedLoweringPhase
-
SimplifiedLoweringPhase
会遍历结点做一些处理,同时也会对图做一些优化操作。这里我们只关注该Phase
优化CheckBound
的细节,因为CheckBound
通常是用于判断 JS数组(例如ArrayBuffer) 是否越界使用 所设置的结点。 - 首先我们可以通过以下路径来找到优化
CheckBound
的目标代码:SimplifiedLoweringPhase::Run SimplifiedLowering::LowerAllNodes RepresentationSelector::Run RepresentationSelector::VisitNode
目标代码如下:
// Dispatching routine for visiting the node {node} with the usage {use}. // Depending on the operator, propagate new usage info to the inputs. void VisitNode(Node* node, Truncation truncation, SimplifiedLowering* lowering) { // Unconditionally eliminate unused pure nodes (only relevant if there's // a pure operation in between two effectful ones, where the last one // is unused). // Note: We must not do this for constants, as they are cached and we // would thus kill the cached {node} during lowering (i.e. replace all // uses with Dead), but at that point some node lowering might have // already taken the constant {node} from the cache (while it was in // a sane state still) and we would afterwards replace that use with // Dead as well. if (node->op()->ValueInputCount() > 0 && node->op()->HasProperty(Operator::kPure)) { if (truncation.IsUnused()) return VisitUnused(node); } switch (node->opcode()) { // ... case IrOpcode::kCheckBounds: { const CheckParameters& p = CheckParametersOf(node->op()); Type index_type = TypeOf(node->InputAt(0)); Type length_type = TypeOf(node->InputAt(1)); if (index_type.Is(Type::Integral32OrMinusZero())) { // Map -0 to 0, and the values in the [-2^31,-1] range to the // [2^31,2^32-1] range, which will be considered out-of-bounds // as well, because the {length_type} is limited to Unsigned31. VisitBinop(node, UseInfo::TruncatingWord32(), MachineRepresentation::kWord32); if (lower() && lowering->poisoning_level_ == PoisoningMitigationLevel::kDontPoison) { // 可以看到,如果当前索引的最大值小于length的最小值,则表示当前索引的使用没有越界 if (index_type.IsNone() || length_type.IsNone() || (index_type.Min() >= 0.0 && index_type.Max() < length_type.Min())) { // The bounds check is redundant if we already know that // the index is within the bounds of [0.0, length[. // CheckBound将会被优化 DeferReplacement(node, node->InputAt(0)); } } } else { VisitBinop( node, UseInfo::CheckedSigned32AsWord32(kIdentifyZeros, p.feedback()), UseInfo::TruncatingWord32(), MachineRepresentation::kWord32); } return; } // .... } // ... }
可以看到,在
CheckBound
的优化判断逻辑中,如果当前索引的最大值小于length的最小值,则表示当前索引的使用没有越界,此时将会移除CheckBound
结点以简化IR图。需要注意NumberConstant结点的Type是一个Range类型,因此才会有最大值Max和最小值Min的概念。
- 这里需要解释一下环境搭配中所说的,为什么要添加一个编译参数
v8_optimized_debug = false
,注意看上面判断条件中的这行条件if (lower() && lowering->poisoning_level_ == PoisoningMitigationLevel::kDontPoison)
visitNode
时有三个状态,分别是Phase::PROPAGATE
(信息收集)、Phase::RETYPE
(从类型反馈中获取类型)以及Phase::LOWER
(开始优化)。当真正开始优化时,lower()
条件自然成立,因此我们无需处理这个。但对于下一个条件,通过动态调试可以得知,
poisoning_level
始终不为PoisoningMitigationLevel::kDontPoison
。通过追溯lowering->poisoning_level_
,我们可以发现它实际上在PipelineCompilationJob::PrepareJobImpl
中被设置PipelineCompilationJob::Status PipelineCompilationJob::PrepareJobImpl( Isolate* isolate) { // ... // Compute and set poisoning level. PoisoningMitigationLevel load_poisoning = PoisoningMitigationLevel::kDontPoison; if (FLAG_branch_load_poisoning) { load_poisoning = PoisoningMitigationLevel::kPoisonAll; } else if (FLAG_untrusted_code_mitigations) { load_poisoning = PoisoningMitigationLevel::kPoisonCriticalOnly; } // ... }
而
FLAG_branch_load_poisoning
始终为false
,FLAG_untrusted_code_mitigations
始终为true
编译参数v8_untrusted_code_mitigations 默认 true,使得宏DISABLE_UNTRUSTED_CODE_MITIGATIONS没有被定义,因此默认设置
FLAG_untrusted_code_mitigations = true
// v8/src/flag-definitions.h // 设置`FLAG_untrusted_code_mitigations` #ifdef DISABLE_UNTRUSTED_CODE_MITIGATIONS #define V8_DEFAULT_UNTRUSTED_CODE_MITIGATIONS false #else #define V8_DEFAULT_UNTRUSTED_CODE_MITIGATIONS true #endif DEFINE_BOOL(untrusted_code_mitigations, V8_DEFAULT_UNTRUSTED_CODE_MITIGATIONS, "Enable mitigations for executing untrusted code") #undef V8_DEFAULT_UNTRUSTED_CODE_MITIGATIONS // 设置`FLAG_branch_load_poisoning` DEFINE_BOOL(branch_load_poisoning, false, "Mask loads with branch conditions.")
# BUILD.gn declare_args() { # ... # Enable mitigations for executing untrusted code. # 默认为true v8_untrusted_code_mitigations = true # ... } # ... if (!v8_untrusted_code_mitigations) { defines += [ "DISABLE_UNTRUSTED_CODE_MITIGATIONS" ] } # ...
这样就会使得
load_poisoning
始终为PoisoningMitigationLevel::kPoisonCriticalOnly
,因此始终无法执行checkBounds
的优化操作。所以我们需要手动设置编译参数v8_untrusted_code_mitigations = false
,以启动checkbounds的优化。 - 以下是一个简单checkbounds优化的例子
function f(x) { const arr = new Array(1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5); let t = 1 + 1; return arr[t]; } console.log(f(1)); %OptimizeFunctionOnNextCall(f); console.log(f(1));
优化前发现存在一个checkBounds:
执行完
SimplifiedLoweringPhase
后,CheckBounds
被优化了:
发表评论
您还未登录,请先登录。
登录